Journal: Viruses

Article Title: New Therapies and Strategies to Curb HIV Infections with a Focus on Macrophages and Reservoirs

doi: 10.3390/v16091484

Figure Lengend Snippet: Drugs currently used for HIV therapy.

Article Snippet: Indinavir (IDV, Crixivan ® , developed by Merck & Co, Inc., Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA) was approved in 1996.

Techniques:

Journal: PLoS ONE

Article Title: HIV Protease Inhibitors Act as Competitive Inhibitors of the Cytoplasmic Glucose Binding Site of GLUTs with Differing Affinities for GLUT1 and GLUT4

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025237

Figure Lengend Snippet: A, ATB-BMPA photolabeling . Indinavir (Ind), atazanavir (Atz), ritonavir (Rit), and tipranavir (Tip) (50 µM final concentrations) were added to 200 µg of LDM for 10 min at room temperature. ATB-BMPA (50 µM final concentration) was then added for 10 min at room temperature prior to UV irradiation. Biotinylated proteins were isolated as described in “ ” and then analyzed by immunoblot analysis using GLUT4 and GLUT1 antibodies. The effect of 20 µM cytochalasin B (CB) and no UV irradiation are shown for comparison. B, Quantification of ATB-BMPA results GLUT4 and GLUT1 protein were quantified using an Odyssey Infrared Imaging System. Data, normalized to vehicle treated controls, are shown as the mean ± S.E., n = 3; (*), p<0.05 vs. vehicle as determined by the Student's t test; (+), p<0.05 for ATB-BMPA/GLUT4 vs. ATB-BMPA/GLUT1 binding. C. Glucose Uptakes. Indinavir (Ind), atazanavir (Atz), ritonavir (Rit), and tipranavir (Tip) (50 µM) were added 5–6 min prior to glucose uptake in insulin-stimulated (1 µM insulin for 20 min) primary rat adipocytes and basal 3T3-L1 fibroblasts. [ 3 H]2-Deoxyglucose uptake was measured at 37°C for 1 min in primary rat adipocytes (open bar) and for 6 min in basal 3T3-L1 fibroblasts (filled bar). Data shown as mean uptakes ± S.E. relative to control, n = 4; (*), p<0.05 vs. vehicle; (+), p<0.05 primary adipocytes vs. basal 3T3-L1 fibroblasts.

Article Snippet: Crixivan (indinavir) was obtained from Merck (White-house City, NJ).

Techniques: Concentration Assay, Irradiation, Isolation, Western Blot, Imaging, Binding Assay

Journal: PLoS ONE

Article Title: HIV Protease Inhibitors Act as Competitive Inhibitors of the Cytoplasmic Glucose Binding Site of GLUTs with Differing Affinities for GLUT1 and GLUT4

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025237

Figure Lengend Snippet: A, ATB-BMPA photolabeling . Indinavir (Ind), atazanavir (Atz), ritonavir (Rit), and tipranavir (Tip) (10 µM final concentrations) were added to 200 µg of LDM for 10 min at room temperature. ATB-BMPA (50 µM final concentration) was then added for 10 min at room temperature prior to UV irradiation. Biotinylated proteins were isolated as described in “ ” and then analyzed by immunoblot analysis using GLUT4 and GLUT1 antibodies. B, Quantification of ATB-BMPA results GLUT4 and GLUT1 protein were quantified using an Odyssey Infrared Imaging System. Data, normalized to vehicle treated controls, are shown as the mean ± S.E., n = 3; (*), p<0.05 vs. vehicle as determined by the Student's t test; (+), p<0.05 for ATB-BMPA/GLUT4 vs. ATB-BMPA/GLUT1 binding. C. Glucose Uptakes. Indinavir (Ind), atazanavir (Atz), ritonavir (Rit), and tipranavir (Tip) (10 µM) were added 5–6 min prior to glucose uptakes in insulin-stimulated (1 µM insulin for 20 min) primary rat adipocytes and basal 3T3-L1 fibroblasts. [ 3 H]2-Deoxyglucose uptake was measured at 37°C for 1 min in primary rat adipocytes (open bar) and for 6 min in basal 3T3-L1 fibroblasts (filled bar). Data shown as mean uptakes ± S.E. relative to control, n = 4; (*), p<0.05 vs. vehicle, (+), p<0.05 primary adipocytes vs. basal 3T3-L1 fibroblasts.

Article Snippet: Crixivan (indinavir) was obtained from Merck (White-house City, NJ).

Techniques: Concentration Assay, Irradiation, Isolation, Western Blot, Imaging, Binding Assay

Journal: PLoS ONE

Article Title: HIV Protease Inhibitors Act as Competitive Inhibitors of the Cytoplasmic Glucose Binding Site of GLUTs with Differing Affinities for GLUT1 and GLUT4

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025237

Figure Lengend Snippet: Indinavir, ritonavir, and atazanavir were added to 200 µg of LDM for 10 min at room temperature. ATB-BMPA (50 µM final concentration) was then added for 10 min at room temperature prior to UV irradiation. Biotinylated proteins were isolated as described in “ ” and then analyzed by immunoblot analysis using GLUT4 and GLUT1 antibodies. GLUT4 and GLUT1 protein were quantified using an Odyssey Infrared Imaging System. Data, normalized to vehicle treated controls, are shown as the mean ± S.E., n = 3; (*), p<0.05 for ATB-BMPA/GLUT4 vs. ATB-BMPA/GLUT1 binding as determined by the Student's t test.

Article Snippet: Crixivan (indinavir) was obtained from Merck (White-house City, NJ).

Techniques: Concentration Assay, Irradiation, Isolation, Western Blot, Imaging, Binding Assay

Journal: PLoS ONE

Article Title: HIV Protease Inhibitors Act as Competitive Inhibitors of the Cytoplasmic Glucose Binding Site of GLUTs with Differing Affinities for GLUT1 and GLUT4

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025237

Figure Lengend Snippet: Half-maximal inhibition (IC 50 ) for ATB-BMPA binding to GLUT4 and GLUT1 by PI's.

Article Snippet: Crixivan (indinavir) was obtained from Merck (White-house City, NJ).

Techniques: Inhibition, Binding Assay

Journal: PLoS ONE

Article Title: HIV Protease Inhibitors Act as Competitive Inhibitors of the Cytoplasmic Glucose Binding Site of GLUTs with Differing Affinities for GLUT1 and GLUT4

doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025237

Figure Lengend Snippet: The indicated concentrations of indinavir (Ind) were added to 50 µg of LDM for 10 min at room temperature. ATB-BMPA (50, 100, 200, 300 µM final concentration) was then added for an additional 10 min. Samples were UV irradiated and processed as described in “ ”. The data are expressed as Scatchard plots. Bound and Free represent the ATB-BMPA bound to GLUT4 and ATB-BMPA free in solution, respectively.

Article Snippet: Crixivan (indinavir) was obtained from Merck (White-house City, NJ).

Techniques: Concentration Assay, Irradiation